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While looking through some math books I had saved in my Google Library, I found one published in 1892. The preface surprised me! It seems that "old school" education is always being criticized as "drill and kill" and/or "not engaging," etc. The real surprise was the method employed in the book was nothing new:
The Preface continues:
The object of every teacher is to
present numbers that the mind of the child may grasp firmly the facts
concerning them, and hold these facts tenaciously by the law of
association. Success lies in requiring the child to show what
he is talking about, and in following the "step by step" rule. The book
illustrates these two principles. It abounds in examples which have not
before appeared in print, and which are calculated to interest the
child from their close connection with his varied experiences. It gives
suggestions for versatility of drill, and illustrates in detail the
teaching of a hundred topics.
And concludes with this:
It is hoped that this book
will find a welcome among all persons interested in leading children by
easy and sure paths to a knowledge of numbers.
G. A. WENTWORTH.
E. M. REED.
* * * * *
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
For a
successful teaching of Number the teacher needs a great variety of
objects. Blocks, splints, sticks, buttons, paper patterns, peas, beans,
corn, spools, counters, shells, pebbles, horse-chestnuts, acorns, little
tin plates, cups and saucers, tin money, are inexpensive and convenient
to handle. For measurements, the teacher must have inch measures, foot
rules, yard measures, a set of tin measures, a set of wooden or
paste-board measures, a set of weights, and a pair of scales.
The teaching of Number as far as ten does not
include the teaching of figures or other signs used in Arithmetic. No
blackboard work is required of the child until after he has learned the
numbers below ten. There is no difficulty in learning the figures along
with the numbers; the difficulty comes in learning the numbers along
with the figures. So it seems best to ignore the sign in favor of the
thing.
It is more convenient in
these exercises to have the children stand about a table on which are
the objects to be handled, and many of the directions to the class are
given with this arrangement in view.
Let the children illustrate each
story with objects, until it is evident that the relation between the
numbers is as clearly seen without the objects as with them. Whenever a
mental picture is formed, then the material is a hindrance to the
teaching. Objects are a
means to an end, not the end. When an idea has been abstracted from the
concrete, objects no longer have an office to perform, and should be put
aside.
[Emphasis added]
First Step - Pre-Assess:
Ascertain the child's knowledge of Number before
attempting any teaching of Number. Do this by skilful examination after
the child feels at home in the schoolroom.
"Show me so many blocks (two blocks); so many beans; so many pebbles; so many spools; so many pencils."
"How many blocks have I in my hand? Come, whisper to me, if you know."
After each has whispered the number, ask the class:
"How many spools did you show me? how many beans? how many blocks?"
Let the class answer in concert, "Two," each time.
"Show me two buttons; two boys; two girls; two chairs."
"Put two blocks on the table in front of you; put
two buttons on the table; take one button from the table and put it
under the table; put one block under the table."
If two be known, try three, and so on until a number is reached which is not known.
Second step in the examination:
Require the child to show some number with which he is familiar. For example, two.
"Take one of your two blocks away. How many blocks have you left?"
"If I have two horses and sell one horse, how many horses shall I then have?"
"If I have two pencils and lose one pencil, how many pencils have I left?"
"You may put one block on the table in front of you. You may put another block with it. How many blocks have you now shown me?"
"One block and one block are how many blocks?"
"One horse and one horse are how many horses?"
"If I have one pencil and buy another, how many pencils shall I have?"
"If John has one cent and I give him another cent, how many cents will he have?"
"If Susie has one apron and mamma makes her another, how many aprons will Susie have?"
"Show me two buttons. Take the two buttons away. How many buttons remain?"
"If there are two cows in the barn and two cows are turned out in the yard, how many cows remain in the barn?"
"Show me two boxes. Put one block in each box. How many blocks does it take?"
"If these two little girls have each a doll, how many dolls have they together?"
"If these two little boys have each a sled, how many sleds have they together?"
"If there are two nests, and an egg in each nest, how many eggs are there?"
"If there are two stores, and a wagon at each store, how many wagons are there?
"Show me two blocks. Put
one of these two blocks in this box. Put another of your blocks in this
box. How many boxes does it take?"
"If you have two hens, and each sits in a nest by herself, how many nests will it take?"
"If you have two spoons, and put each into a cup by itself, how many cups will it take?"
"If you have two cents, and give one each Sunday, how many Sundays can you give before the two cents will be given away?"
"If you have two pencils, and put each on a slate by itself, on how many slates will you put them?"
This outline for review is merely suggested as
being searching in its nature. The aim should be solely to bring to
light all the child's knowledge of Number, that the teacher may waste no
time upon teaching him what he already knows. Do not hurry the
examination. See that each child does for himself what you require, and
does not imitate you or his neighbor in his work. Let each one answer
for himself. Distinguish between the child's failure to understand your
language and his inability to do what you require of him.
When the examination is complete, begin the
teaching, and take the child where he is. As far as the experience of
most primary teachers goes, few children know beyond two when they enter school for the first time. In most instances three will be the starting-point in teaching.
The ability to count up to a number does not
constitute a knowledge of the number; so this must not be taken as the
test of the child's knowledge. Do not permit counting by ones throughout
the work in Arithmetic.
In the teaching of every number the order to be observed is as follows:
I. The perception of the number.
II. Analysis of the number.
III. Drill upon facts discovered by analysis.
IV. Comparison with smaller numbers.
[Emphasis added]
What I like about the lessons in this book:
1. Much of it is done orally. Talk, Listen, Show, Relate. Very engaging, builds attention span and encourages world to self connections:
2. Discoveries. Think, connect:
3. Fact stories. So much of the lessons are oral word problems. Love this! as this is always a problem area for many children. Teacher then student:
4. There are plenty of Review exercises, similar to the main lessons.
5. Rather than break out and isolate addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and fractions, they cover many of these during the NUMBER study. In teaching the number three, it covers all of these except fractions:
6. Comparisons:
7. Write/Copy -- The chapter ends with this:
In the preface, it states this book should take four years to complete! Obviously written before textbooks became such a racket:
Here is a link to the book:
Title: The First Steps in Number
Authors: George Albert Wentworth, E. M. Reed
Publisher: Ginn, 1892
(GOOGLE LINK)
These Numbers Galore worksheets look like a nice transition to numerals. They ask students to draw, tally, one more, one less, odd-even, and provide writing practice.
